Northern Lights: The Photonics Industry in Canada

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The organization has conducted research into the migratory patterns of ducks and geese, undertaken studies of shorebirds and seabirds, researched the songbird population, taken steps related to the conservation of the , the and the and investigated the state of the fish populations in freshwater lakes. In 2010, the announced that it had developed a technique for transforming skin cells into multiple blood cell types. The renowned Captain explored the west coast in 1778 as part of an attempt to find the Northwest Passage from the Pacific, rather than the Atlantic side.

The plan proposed no other underground lines as the government preferred the option of converting existing railway lines to overground Metro ones. Mackintosh Bell studied the area from to in 1900. It has expanded since the 1960s from 26 on three separate lines to 68 stations on four lines totalling 69.

Northern Lights: The Photonics Industry in Canada - This being said, we also recognize that the market is international, and the competition is international. Montreal has one of North America's busiest public transportation systems with, after New York, the largest number of users compared to its population.

And photonics is pretty big in Canada, too. These include research capability and infrastructure; industry-academic cluster activity, especially in Ontario and Québec; systems integration; optical communications; image sensors and vision systems; short-pulse laser technology; and emerging biophotonics capability. Source: Canadian Photonics Consortium Canadian photonics technologies are used worldwide in defense and security; health and medicine; manufacturing; energy and lighting; communications; consumer goods; environmental protection; sensing and measurement in the oil, gas, paper and forestry industries; and even entertainment. The nearly 400 photonics companies in Canada employ a total of more than 20,000 people, collectively generating close to 4. In a country with so much space, clusters are only natural. Activity is more scattered in the western provinces. But that all changed in the early 2000s, when the telecom bubble burst. And although there is still significant activity in Ottawa, the industry distribution has spread to other cities, such as Toronto and Waterloo. In Ontario, 41 percent of all photonics jobs are in the research-and-development area, according to a March 2009 report authored by Wilford. Small and medium enterprises employ nearly 20 percent of workers, while startups employ only 4 percent. On the academic side, Ontario is home to university groups and world-class research institutes such as the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre in Ottawa, which Fielding described as a unique-to-Canada photonics fabrication facility that allows companies to do small fabrication runs. Industry and research are booming in Québec as well. Most of the companies are located in Montréal and Québec City; a few others can be found in the Sherbrooke and Gatineau areas. Québec City is a hot spot for photonics innovation in Canada. Québec City, the provincial capital, has taken special care to home in on photonics in its quest to build a tech-centered creative economy. Local economic development agency Pôle Québec Chaudière-Appalaches works closely with Montréal-based Investissement Québec as well as area companies and institutions to ensure the success of photonics-related endeavors. Pôle does it all, from facilitating the formation of research and business partnerships between local entities to hosting events and conferences to promoting the area as a desirable spot for expanding foreign companies. More than 100 companies in the province generate nearly 5000 jobs; in 2007, 1685 of those jobs fell into the research category. But companies with more than 300 employees offer 27 percent of the jobs; companies that employ more than 100 and fewer than 300 workers make up 38 percent of the job market. This being said, we also recognize that the market is international, and the competition is international. So we have to join efforts to face the challenge of being competitive at the international level. The prairie provinces — Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba — have 95 photonics companies, employing almost 3000 people among the three of them. In British Columbia, there are 50 companies, creating more than 2000 jobs. And even the Atlantic provinces, which are made up of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, have a total of eight companies that employ more than 300 people among them. There do not appear to be any photonics companies in the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory or Nunavut. There also are photonics groups and projects at other universities, including the University of Victoria in British Columbia, the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and the University of Calgary in Alberta. The University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon is home to the Canadian Light Source, the national center for synchrotron research. Education A number of Canadian universities have photonics groups or centers. Catharines, Ontario, even offers a graduate certificate in lasers. Outlook and goals As big as photonics is in Canada, there is always room for growth. Clusters and national photonics organizations should establish information portals to facilitate knowledge exchange between companies and researchers. Canadian technology should be increasingly commercialized, perhaps via interagency programs using alternative financing and technology transfer methods, to ensure that technological developments are exploited to the maximum.

The deepest station of the network, , has its bound platform located 29. John Davies of the at the University of Toronto was the first in the world to isolate special stem cells, known as , and perform experiments showing that they could be used to regenerate specific types of human tissue. After a number of complex corporate changes over a period of 30 years, emerged in 2004 as with modern facilities focusing on vaccine research, in Toronto. The National Research Council became involved in chemistry during these years. Collip isolated the hormone of the parathyroid gland in 1926 and Dr. In 2008, Longueuil Mayor brought the proposal back to life. The money will permit the design and construction of Vulcan, a spallation neutron beam source, and a spectrometer, as well as a guarantee of beam time access. In 2008, Quebec medical schools and the Fédération des médecins omnipracticiens campaigned to recruit more students into general practice. Lorrain and others at Université de Montréal studied nuclear and plasma physics. Canada's number three research university, the University of Alberta in Edmonton, maintains its strong position in physics research in Canada in 2008. The formation in 2001 of the for the study of quantum mechanics and relativity in Waterloo, Ontario is refreshingly novel in that it represents the initiative of a private individual the founder of Research in Motion, the company that invented the BlackBerry who has entered a field previously occupied by public institutes. The Department studied the industrial production and uses of magnesium, natural gas, asbestos, wool, maple products and rubber among other things using new laboratories built on Sussex Street in Ottawa in 1932.